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Preeclampsia & HELLP

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References

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medication

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dosing
contraindications
side effects
indications & advantages
pharmacology, mechanism of action
Intro Chapter
  1. 11979336
  2. 23509136
  3. 21996380
  4. 21144988
  5. 17884829
  6. 16477553
  7. 16206099
  8. 22921930
  9. 25700059
  10. 26330729
  11. 25423877
  12. 11793615
  13. 21742459
  14. 18091545
  15. 9377880
  16. 24395715
  17. 22763634
  18. 24139926
  19. 23410791
  20. 22929300
  21. 23506859
  22. 23782973
  23. 19272635
  24. 24136071
  25. 27714833
  26. 25029573
  27. 8284001
  28. 23318494
  29. 15996033
  30. 22949902
  31. 11573854
  32. 30354950
  33. 12576944
  34. 23281973
  35. 28284299
  36. 19773646
  37. 11794168
  38. 18184958
  39. 19318384
  40. 23709472
  41. 23470218
  42. 27315191
  43. 26773077
  44. 29409760
  45. 19966732
  46. 30346225
  47. 19861528
  48. 23321763
  49. 20189753
  50. 25477978
  51. 12933413
  52. 26025196
  53. 28468568
  54. 23269131
  55. 14581110
  56. 15983467
  57. 16854557
  58. 25530168
  59. 10499950
  60. 23711600
  61. 20648205
  62. 19095506
  63. 29870458
  64. 19783371
  65. 9507131
  66. 27656531
  67. 10773503
  68. 26919405
  69. 22420584
  70. 26346209
  71. 26095487
  72. 26975647
  73. 22477787
  74. 25809176
  75. 29110139
  76. 19915454
  77. 24554232
  78. 29595562
  79. 20845391
  80. 25969139
  81. 26741578
  82. 29498534
  83. 26073560
  84. 28130687
  85. 26768425
  86. 23774337
  87. 18628220
  88. 15845718
  89. 18569935
  90. 22237237
  91. 29121282
  92. 23073953
  93. 22580944
  94. 29485926
  95. 29485925
  96. 26948252
  97. 26836730
  98. 26836894
  99. 28979516
  100. 30571511
  101. 8006281
  102. 1976875
  103. 8596317
  104. It’s also fine to simply use continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).  In that case,  escalate CPAP pressure from 5 ==> 10 ==> 15 cm.  .
  105. 25981908
  106. 25003980
  107. 26975498
  108. 30355567
  109. 21663600
Troponin index
  1. Although the venous contrast administration isn't actually nephrotoxic, contrast nephropathy following cardiac catheterization seems to be real. .
  2. 28979516
  3. 30571511
  4. 20663014
  5. Technically a fourth option here is identification of a coronary thrombus on cardiac catheterization.  However in clinical practice catheterization is rarely used as a primary tool to diagnose myocardial infarction.
  6. 28454759
  7. 29928314
  8. 26320110
  9. 16537663
  10. 16537725
  11. 25688782
  12. Fondaparinux is associated with an increase in catheter thrombosis at time of cardiac catheterization.  This can be managed by bolusing patients with heparin immediately prior to cardiac catheterization.  Fondaparinux isn’t the ideal drug for patients going straight to the cath lab, but that’s not the patient population we’re dealing with here.
  13. 8006281
Contrast Nephropathy Index
  1. 13217726
  2. 23319662
  3. 24475854
  4. 23360742
  5. 28131489
  6. 30798098
  7. 28197679
  8. 28811122
  9. 24656402
  10. 20651198
  11. 25203000
  12. 30480553
  13. 20707658
  14. 17317065
  15. 25183538
  16. 25773936
  17. 26250726
  18. 26001222
  19. 28213620
  20. 25318756
  21. 20837932
  22. 29242967
Cardiogenic Shock Index
  1. 30072134
  2. 790191
  3. 28923988
  4. Doppler measurements can also be used to diagnose diastolic dysfunction (E/E’, etc).  In most cases, however, the diagnosis of diastolic HF can be made based on history, physical exam, EKG, CXR, and basic 2-dimensional ultrasonography of the heart and lungs.
  5. 28595621
  6. 29796916
  7. 7555127
  8. 24286266
  9. 14645314
  10. 12510037
  11. 16714768
  12. 16084255
  13. 16204662
  14. Note that even if the effusion is drained, the underlying heart failure must still be optimized.  If the effusion is drained without management of the underlying heart failure, it will soon recur.  Draining the effusion doesn’t fix the heart failure, it just temporarily stabilizes respiratory function.
  15. 3520315
  16. At very low doses, it seems that the epinephrine causes some vasodilation by acting on beta-2 receptors, but also some vasoconstriction by acting on alpha-receptors.  The net effect on systemic vascular resistance seems to be relatively neutral.
  17. 20200382
  18. 23131078
  19. 26948252
  20. 28602370
  21. 11911756
  22. 29806100
  23. 10460813
  24. 22920912
  25. 21878431
  26. 27810347
  27. 29907274
  28. 29655828
  29. 29478105
  30. 23689381
  31. 17395053
Torsades index
  1. OK, technically >470 ms in men and >480 ms in women.  But if you just remember 475ms that is close enough.  .
  2. 26183037
  3. 20142454
  4. 29169799
  5. 7587256
  6. 18320707
  7. 29084733
HTN index
  1. 26674757
  2. 18806012
Bradycardia index
  1. 15974204
  2. 21151381
  3. 25456780
  4. 27484658
  5. 15114081
  6. 25634857
  7. 16115264
  8. 12734175
  9. For bradycardia due to cholinergic poisoning, much higher doses of atropine may be needed.
  10. 10459592
  11. 18701603
  12. There doesn’t seem to be solid clear data on this. This arrangement is consistent with most references and makes a reasonable amount of sense. Based on echocardiography and anatomy, the location of the left parasternal window is fairly uniform. In contrast, the apex of the heart is highly variable. Therefore, trying to place a pad on the apex of the heart is error-prone.
  13. 26849986
  14. 24044868
  15. 17212976
  16. 30543806
VT/VF index
  1. 28706587
  2. 30554598
  3. 12419728
  4. 25033747
  5. 10942741
  6. 25745472
  7. 29699616
  8. 29270467
  9. 28471068
  10. 24760493
  11. 28455598
  12. 23264584
BUPE index
  1. 30616926
  2. 30500943
  3. 12756210
  4. 10451781
  5. 22809652
  6. 30355476
  7. 21142534
  8. 29880438
  9. 29747726
  10. 25070601
  11. 29452378
Acetaminophen index
  1. 29605069
  2. 25873702
  3. 25133498
  4. 28489461
  5. 29423816
  6. 17046490
  7. 22998987
  8. 2748061
  9. 30777470
  10. 25767408
  11. 21970774
  12. 1954453
MALA index
  1. nope
  2. 28417525
  3. 30126348
  4. 28865058
  5. 9848705
  6. 20198
  7. 26800971
  8. Goldfrank’s, 10th Edition, Page 729.
  9. 25860205
  10. 21454572
  11. 30069806
  12. 26150642
checkpoint inbhibitors
  1. 29320654
  2. 29162153
  3. 29427804
  4. 30245744
  5. 29250474
  6. 26282644
  7. 30191849
  8. 27646942
  9. 30189190
  10. 26865455
  11. 22174463
  12.  i think this was an error
  13. 29442540
  14. 30231401
  15. 30447917
  16. 28105370
  17. 27832664
anemia
  1. 27686346
  2. 17804841
  3. 28284299
  4. 19773646
  5. 23281973
  6. 19958881
  7. 27526872
thrombocytopenia
  1. ITP
  2. 28808508
  3. 26539932
  4. 27982413
  5. 29222318
  6. 25590528
  7. 19911252
  8. 26847066
  9. 30502310
  10. 29253554
  11. 18056152
  12. 17632008
  13. Lepirudin was traditionally used but no longer available in the US.  Fondaparinux is another option, but it has a long half-life (~16 hours) which makes its use in the ICU unwieldy (e.g. if the patient starts bleeding or requires an unexpected procedure).
  14. 29595638
  15. 28622439
pancreatitis
  1. 30243452
  2. 29736167
  3. 10580962
  4. 27631223
  5. 28638228
  6. 28878366
  7. 29030078
  8. 28348184
  9. 29370777
  10. 19187641
  11. 20819621
  12. 21645639
  13. 29409760
  14. 25409371
  15. 28713597
  16. 29870457
  17. 29760856
  18. 25477978
  19. 27007094
  20. 28857624
  21. 18333238
  22. 18809943
  23. 19541012
  24. 17457167
  25. 18470712
  26. 8330166
  27. 10540137
  28. 25610027
  29. 18159597
  30. 14606098
  31. 24484547
  32. 27162802
  33. 30146080
  34. 21912244
  35. 30028362
  36. 26771781
  37. 27940189
  38. 28739448
  39. 26339332
GIB references
  1. 23569554
  2. 6619401
  3. . http://gastricultrasound.org/index.html.
  4. 29487770
  5. My preference is to avoid placing a sheath (a.k.a. introducer, cordis), because these tend to kink (especially in the jugular position) and don’t get you a lot of lumens. .
  6. 23281973
  7. 25201154
  8. 25414987
  9. 25409738
  10. 28011279
  11. 26083537
  12. The exception of course being folks cross-trained in anesthesiology & critical care. .
  13. 28348478
  14. 17030175
  15. 8985265
  16. 7618714
  17. 21298360
  18. 28296600
  19. For the record, when I proposed this algorithm on the PulmCrit blog in 2015, it was a relatively new design that was a bit hard to sell many folks on. Subsequently, the AGA 2016 guidelines proposed an algorithm which is essentially identical to it.
  20. 26925883
abdominal compartment syndrome
  1. 17895487
  2. 26309180
  3. 24280691
  4. 12297912
  5. 11038078
  6. 12799335
  7. 25421925
  8. 21903735
  9. 27016163
hypoglycemia
  1. 26696689
  2. Every article on hypoglycemia has a different list of drugs.  The evidence basis for many of these drugs is questionable.  In practice, scrutinize your patient’s medication list and when in doubt query pubmed and/or electronic pharmacopias.  This list isn’t exhaustive.  .
  3. 15983093
  4. The traditional approach is to give 1 mg of glucagon intramuscularly as a temporizing measure while getting IV access.  This doesn’t seem like a great idea for a few reasons.  First, glucagon may not work if the patient’s liver glycogen stores are depleted.  Second, glucagon can stimulate vomiting, which may be particularly dangerous if the patient has altered mental status and cannot protect their airway.  Third, even if the glucagon doesn’t cause vomiting, it may cause nausea which impairs the ability to feed the patient later on (see treatment step #3 above).  Fourth, it even if glucagon does work it will take 10-15 minutes to work, which seems like a fairly long delay for a patient with severe CNS symptoms from hypoglycemia.
  5. 24286945
thyroid storm index
  1. 23920160
  2. 25905165
  3. 18946743
  4. 30567262
  5. 27746415
myasthenia index
  1. 27358333
  2. 28916122
  3. 27907966
  4. 11405803
  5. 4033410
  6. 1928954
  7. 12545029
  8. 17110282
  9. 24378177
  10. 8522671
  11. 18195139
  12. 28029925
  13. 21748507
  14. 12451217
  15. 29655452
adrenal insufficiency index
  1. 29075801
  2. 25699130
  3. 29444197
  4. 25288693
DKA INDEX
  1. 23833313
  2. Farkas J. PulmCrit. Correcting the anion gap for albumin is not helpful. https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/mythbusting-correcting-the-anion-gap-for-albumin-is-not-helpful/.
  3. 24070967
  4. 10030312
  5. 18184896
  6. Among non-diabetics, ketoacidosis can be caused by starvation or alcoholism.  In the context of diabetes, ketoacidosis is basically diagnostic of DKA.  .
  7. Farkas J. PulmCrit. Blood gas measurements in DKA: Are we searching for a unicorn? https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/blood-gas-measurements-dka-searching-unicorn/.
  8. 10743693
  9. 3101715
  10. Bandemia is the best predictor in this study, but different hospitals may have difference performance regarding the definition of band forms.  Get acquainted with your lab’s performance for detecting left-shift and pay attention to it (e.g. some labs tend to report bandemia, others report more metamyelocytes etc).
  11. 12040551
  12. 25905280
  13. If mental status deteriorates during therapy, the possibility of cerebral edema should also be considered.
  14. 14578269
  15. 16191494
  16. 28659865
  17. Farkas J. PulmCrit. Dominating the acidosis in DKA. https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/bicarbonate-dka/.
  18. I’m not aware of any high-quality evidence on this, but it seems to work and HFNC is extremely safe. .
  19. 28372715
  20. 28183452
  21. If the glargine is given at an inopportune time (e.g. it’s given in the evening and the patient prefers taking it in the morning), the timing can be slowly shifted by an hour each day.  .
  22. D10W is fine for peripheral IV infusion, it doesn’t require a central line.
  23. 17403099
  24. Even if the patient is allready breathing as hard as they can, giving amps of bicarb will increase the pCO2 and thus increase the *gradient* driving CO2 excretion from the body.  So the CO2 administered with the bicarb won’t be “trapped” in the patient’s body.
  25. If you’re extremely adept at vent management, there are some theoretical advantages to using succinylcholine and then using a pressure-cycled vent strategy (this allows for active exhalation).
  26. 28924481
  27. 19564476
going further…

 

SEPSIS INDEX

  • 11794169  Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M; Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-77. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010307  [PubMed]
  • 12186604  Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert PE, François B, Korach JM, Capellier G, Cohen Y, Azoulay E, Troché G, Chaumet-Riffaud P, Bellissant E. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002 Aug 21;288(7):862-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.7.862  [PubMed]
  • 14707556  López A, Lorente JA, Steingrub J, Bakker J, McLuckie A, Willatts S, Brockway M, Anzueto A, Holzapfel L, Breen D, Silverman MS, Takala J, Donaldson J, Arneson C, Grove G, Grossman S, Grover R. Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan;32(1):21-30. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000105581.01815.C6  [PubMed]
  • 18184957  Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, Moreno R, Singer M, Freivogel K, Weiss YG, Benbenishty J, Kalenka A, Forst H, Laterre PF, Reinhart K, Cuthbertson BH, Payen D, Briegel J; CORTICUS Study Group. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 10;358(2):111-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa071366  [PubMed]
  • 18305265  Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, Gordon AC, Hébert PC, Cooper DJ, Holmes CL, Mehta S, Granton JT, Storms MM, Cook DJ, Presneill JJ, Ayers D; VASST Investigators. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 28;358(9):877-87. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa067373  [PubMed]
  • 18628220  Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest. 2008 Jul;134(1):172-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2331  [PubMed]
  • 18654759  Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A, Lipman J, Ramakrishnan N, Santamaria J; CAT Study investigators. A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008 Dec;34(12):2226-34. doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-1219-0  [PubMed]
  • 19017409  Morelli A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Lange M, Orecchioni A, Laderchi A, Bachetoni A, D'Alessandro M, Van Aken H, Pietropaoli P, Westphal M. Phenylephrine versus norepinephrine for initial hemodynamic support of patients with septic shock: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care. 2008;12(6):R143. doi: 10.1186/cc7121  [PubMed]
  • 19489712  Sligl WI, Milner DA Jr, Sundar S, Mphatswe W, Majumdar SR. Safety and efficacy of corticosteroids for the treatment of septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):93-101. doi: 10.1086/599343  [PubMed]
  • 20016405  Wutrich Y, Barraud D, Conrad M, Cravoisy-Popovic A, Nace L, Bollaert PE, Levy B, Gibot S. Early increase in arterial lactate concentration under epinephrine infusion is associated with a better prognosis during shock. Shock. 2010 Jul;34(1):4-9. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181ce2d23  [PubMed]
  • 20179283  Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Arnold RC, Claremont HA, Kline JA; Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMShockNet) Investigators. Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2010 Feb 24;303(8):739-46. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.158  [PubMed]
  • 20200382  De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL; SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):779-89. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907118  [PubMed]
  • 22165353  Sánchez M, Jiménez-Lendínez M, Cidoncha M, Asensio MJ, Herrerot E, Collado A, Santacruz M. Comparison of fluid compartments and fluid responsiveness in septic and non-septic patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011 Nov;39(6):1022-9. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1103900607  [PubMed]
  • 22310127  Iba T, Okamoto K, Ohike T, Tajirika T, Aihara K, Watanabe S, Kayhanian H. Enoxaparin and fondaparinux attenuates endothelial damage in endotoxemic rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Jan;72(1):177-82. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31821a83f0  [PubMed]
  • 22507823  Yeh YC, Wang MJ, Lin CP, Fan SZ, Tsai JC, Sun WZ, Ko WJ. Enoxaparin sodium prevents intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction in endotoxemic rats. Crit Care. 2012 Dec 12;16(2):R59. doi: 10.1186/cc11303  [PubMed]
  • 24108526  Morelli A, Ertmer C, Westphal M, Rehberg S, Kampmeier T, Ligges S, Orecchioni A, D'Egidio A, D'Ippoliti F, Raffone C, Venditti M, Guarracino F, Girardis M, Tritapepe L, Pietropaoli P, Mebazaa A, Singer M. Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Oct 23;310(16):1683-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278477  [PubMed]
  • 24635770  Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, et al.; SEPSISPAM Investigators. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 24;370(17):1583-93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1312173  [PubMed]
  • 24666826  Nalos M, Leverve X, Huang S, Weisbrodt L, Parkin R, Seppelt I, Ting I, Mclean A. Half-molar sodium lactate infusion improves cardiac performance in acute heart failure: a pilot randomised controlled clinical trial. Crit Care. 2014 Mar 25;18(2):R48. doi: 10.1186/cc13793  [PubMed]
  • 25457199  Galbois A, Bigé N, Pichereau C, Boëlle PY, Baudel JL, Bourcier S, Maury E, Guidet B, Ait-Oufella H. Exploration of skin perfusion in cirrhotic patients with septic shock. J Hepatol. 2015 Mar;62(3):549-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.012  [PubMed]
  • 25669592  Loubani OM, Green RS. A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters. J Crit Care. 2015 Jun;30(3):653.e9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.014  [PubMed]
  • 26014852  Cardenas-Garcia J, Schaub KF, Belchikov YG, Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH. Safety of peripheral intravenous administration of vasoactive medication. J Hosp Med. 2015 Sep;10(9):581-5. doi: 10.1002/jhm.2394  [PubMed]
  • 26323041  Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, Góes PF, de Cássia F O Fernandes I, de Souza DC, Paulo RL, Chagas F, Gilio AE. Double-Blind Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Dopamine Versus Epinephrine as First-Line Vasoactive Drugs in Pediatric Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2015 Nov;43(11):2292-302. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001260  [PubMed]
  • 27416887  Polito A, Hamitouche N, Ribot M, Polito A, Laviolle B, Bellissant E, Annane D, Alvarez JC. Pharmacokinetics of oral fludrocortisone in septic shock. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Dec;82(6):1509-1516. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13065  [PubMed]
  • 27483065  Gordon AC, Mason AJ, Thirunavukkarasu N, Perkins GD, Cecconi M, Cepkova M, Pogson DG, Aya HD, Anjum A, Frazier GJ, Santhakumaran S, Ashby D, Brett SJ; VANISH Investigators. Effect of Early Vasopressin vs Norepinephrine on Kidney Failure in Patients With Septic Shock: The VANISH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Aug 2;316(5):509-18. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.10485  [PubMed]
  • 27686349  Hjortrup PB, Haase N, Bundgaard H, Thomsen SL, Winding R, Pettilä V, Aaen A, Lodahl D, Berthelsen RE, Christensen H, Madsen MB, Winkel P, Wetterslev J, Perner A; CLASSIC Trial Group; Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group. Restricting volumes of resuscitation fluid in adults with septic shock after initial management: the CLASSIC randomised, parallel-group, multicentre feasibility trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016 Nov;42(11):1695-1705. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4500-7  [PubMed]
  • 27692840  Long B, Koyfman A. Clinical Mimics: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Review of Sepsis Mimics. J Emerg Med. 2017 Jan;52(1):34-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.07.102  [PubMed]
  • 27908340  Greenwood JC, Orloski CJ. End Points of Sepsis Resuscitation. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2017 Feb;35(1):93-107. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2016.09.001  [PubMed]
  • 28130687  Marik PE, Linde-Zwirble WT, Bittner EA, Sahatjian J, Hansell D. Fluid administration in severe sepsis and septic shock, patterns and outcomes: an analysis of a large national database. Intensive Care Med. 2017 May;43(5):625-632. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4675-y  [PubMed]
  • 28248722  Gotmaker R, Peake SL, Forbes A, Bellomo R; ARISE Investigators*. Mortality is Greater in Septic Patients With Hyperlactatemia Than With Refractory Hypotension. Shock. 2017 Sep;48(3):294-300. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000861  [PubMed]
  • 28347755  Lipowsky HH, Lescanic A. Inhibition of inflammation induced shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx with low molecular weight heparin. Microvasc Res. 2017 Jul;112:72-78. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.03.007  [PubMed]
  • 2876788  Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Umans V, Fowler M, Minobe W, Rasmussen R, Zera P, Menlove R, Shah P, Jamieson S, et al. Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle contraction and selective beta 1-receptor down-regulation in heart failure. Circ Res. 1986 Sep;59(3):297-309. doi: 10.1161/01.res.59.3.297  [PubMed]
  • 28832958  Li X, Ma X. The role of heparin in sepsis: much more than just an anticoagulant. Br J Haematol. 2017 Nov;179(3):389-398. doi: 10.1111/bjh.14885  [PubMed]
  • 28973227  Andrews B, Semler MW, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC, Mabula C, Bwalya M, Bernard GR. Effect of an Early Resuscitation Protocol on In-hospital Mortality Among Adults With Sepsis and Hypotension: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Oct 3;318(13):1233-1240. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.10913  [PubMed]
  • 29149934  Perner A, Holst LB, Haase N, Hjortrup PB, Møller MH. Common Sense Approach to Managing Sepsis. Crit Care Clin. 2018 Jan;34(1):127-138. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2017.08.009  [PubMed]
  • 29347874  Venkatesh B, Finfer S, Cohen J, Rajbhandari D, Arabi Y, Bellomo R, Billot L, Correa M, Glass P, Harward M, Joyce C, Li Q, McArthur C, Perner A, Rhodes A, Thompson K, Webb S, Myburgh J; ADRENAL Trial Investigators and the Australian–New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Adjunctive Glucocorticoid Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):797-808. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705835  [PubMed]
  • 29490185  Annane D, Renault A, Brun-Buisson C, et al.; CRICS-TRIGGERSEP Network. Hydrocortisone plus Fludrocortisone for Adults with Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):809-818. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705716  [PubMed]
  • 29761216  Rygård SL, Butler E, Granholm A, Møller MH, Cohen J, Finfer S, Perner A, Myburgh J, Venkatesh B, Delaney A. Low-dose corticosteroids for adult patients with septic shock: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2018 Jul;44(7):1003-1016. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5197-6  [PubMed]
  • 30046671  Kevane B, Egan K, Allen S, Maguire P, Neary E, Lennon Á, Ní Áinle F. Endothelial barrier protective properties of low molecular weight heparin: A novel potential tool in the prevention of cancer metastasis? Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2017 Jun 20;1(1):23-32. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12011  [PubMed]
  • 30628950  Tilouche N, Jaoued O, Ali HBS, Gharbi R, Fekih Hassen M, Elatrous S. Comparison Between Continuous and Intermittent Administration of Hydrocortisone During Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Shock. 2019 Nov;52(5):481-486. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001316  [PubMed]
  • 30772908  Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón GA, Damiani LP, et al. Effect of a Resuscitation Strategy Targeting Peripheral Perfusion Status vs Serum Lactate Levels on 28-Day Mortality Among Patients With Septic Shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019 Feb 19;321(7):654-664. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.0071  [PubMed]

 

ANAPHYLAXIS INDEX

  1. 30644987
  2. 30558872
  3. 17620077
  4. 29304914
  5. 28965632
  6. 17696578
  7. 25048853
  8. 18467251
  9. 25566799
  10. 6465179
  11. 29437617
  12. 28958745
  13. 28365277
  14. 29670309

 

DELIRIUM INDEX

  1. 30113379
  2. 12389836
  3. 16394685
  4. 30346242
  5. 30181002
  6. 30005303
  7. 29915922
  8. 14685663

 

 

UROSEPSIS INDEX

  1. 25808934
  2. 26905806
  3. 17599303
  4. 20300389
  5. 21140281
  6. 27712137
  7. 29135902
  8. 10923955
  9. 27016557
  10. 24928854
  11. 28034519
  12. 26542304
  13. 28320724
  14. 30125680
  15. 22057701
  16. 22057699
  17. 16723596
  18. 22915465

 

MENINGITIS INDEX MENINGITIS ENCEPHALITIS

  1. 30366556
  2. 27062097
  3. 27828810
  4. 27021774
  5. 29088943
  6. 2810603
  7. 28187808
  8. 26306393
  9. 30366550
  10. 23566589

INFLUENZA INDEX

  1. 30566567
  2. 28159162
  3. 20040578
  4. 25169846
  5. 11847511
  6. 22247123
  7. 25355172
  8. 25066668
  9. 27208687
  10. 24238896
  11. 26382940
  12. 24916853
  13. 24420846
  14. 23568605
  15. 21163725
  16. 18719064
  17. 30172033
  18. 30184455
  19. 27836900
  20. 21593048
  21. 30140503
  22. 21107529
  23. 21471082
  24. 21810744
  25. vitamin C reference
  26. no
  27. no
  28. no
  29. no
  30. no
  31. 23459490
  32. 27884765
  33. 16785288
  34. 16530581
  35. 21366922
  36. 20551263
  37. 21724431
  38. 26597256
  39. 17106167
  40. 21722406
  41. 22286408
  42. 28631531
  43. 20008190
  44. 30075527
  45. 27298397
  46. 28871523
  47. 20348529
  48. 16937360
  49. 26584195
  50. 21168053
  51. 21559246
  52. 29417621
  53. 28810835
  54. 22767562
  55. 30076119
  56. 30577863
  57. vitamin c

ENDOCARDITIS INDEX

  1. 30001813
  2. 26320109
  3. 23985343
  4. 16505987
  5. 17664322
  6. 17173215
  7. 28789974
  8. OFID paper
  9. 22006007
  10. 10390234
  11. 12522747
  12. 30001813
  13. 26597670

 

 

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The Internet Book of Critical Care is an online textbook written by Josh Farkas (@PulmCrit), an associate professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of Vermont.


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