CONTENTS Listeria Nocardia Legionella Mycoplasma Tuberculosis Tuberculous meningitis Tuberculomas Lyme Neurosyphilis Podcast Questions & discussion Pitfalls basics Listeria is a bacterial pathogen which can cause meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Among bacterial pathogens, Listeria is notable because it may sometimes be associated with a relatively unimpressive CSF profile. Research on Listeria is confusing to interpret, since […]
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Delirium
CONTENTS Definition & diagnosis Delirium mimics Causes Diagnostic approach Treatment Antipsychotics Butyrophenones (haloperidol & droperidol) Olanzapine Quetiapine Chlorpromazine Risperidone Lurasidone Podcast Questions & discussion Pitfalls definition Delirium is acute, generalized brain dysfunction (“cerebral insufficiency”). Key features: Acute (e.g. not dementia). Causes inattention (e.g. disorientation, inability to perform complex tasks). Tends to wax and wane: may […]
CAR-T cell therapy recipient in the ICU
CONTENTS Initial approach to CAR-T recipient in ICU CRS (cytokine release syndrome) Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Laboratory findings Differential diagnosis Staging Management Combined CRS & ICANS HLH (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) ICANS (immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome) Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Radiology Laboratory findings CSF EEG Diagnosis & differential diagnosis Staging Management Podcast Questions & […]
Neurological complications of COVID
CONTENTS Limitations of this chapter Brief word on pathogenesis General clinical principles Encephalopathy Diffuse leukoencephalopathy with diffusion restriction Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) Mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) & Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) Myelitis Autoimmune encephalitis Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) Stroke Acute ischemic stroke Intracranial hemorrhage & microbleeds Cerebral […]
Status Epilepticus
CONTENTS Getting started: (1) Initial approach to status 🚀 (2) After the dust has settled 🚀 Causes Diagnosis & definition Definition of status epilepticus Seizure mimics Differentiation from pseudoseizure Treatment overview Initial treatment Benzodiazepine Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and thiamine deficiency Conventional antiseizure medication Neurolytic intubation Subsequent management NORSE Neuromonitoring Waking & weaning Supportive medical management Approach […]
Alcohol withdrawal
CONTENTS Rapid Reference 🚀 Preamble & disclaimer Diagnosis Alcohol withdrawal vs. hepatic encephalopathy Therapeutic target (CIWA vs RASS) Treatment: Phenobarbital monotherapy Phenobarbital pharmacology Advantages of phenobarbital over benzodiazepines Contraindications to phenobarbital ➡️ Phenobarbital guideline Checking phenobarbital levels? ➡️ Pitfalls of phenobarbital Alternative agents Benzodiazepines Valproic acid Antipsychotics & alpha-2 agonists (dexmedetomidine, clonidine, guanfacine) Ketamine Other […]
Cystic Lung Diseases
CONTENTS Definitions of cystic & cavitary lung lesions Approach to diffuse/multiple lung cysts Clinical features Radiologic features List of causes of pulmonary cysts Specific cystic lung diseases: PLCH (Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis) LAM (Lymphangioleimyomatosis) Tuberous sclerosis BHD (Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome) LCDD (Light chain deposition disease) CPAM (Congenital pulmonary airway malformation) Pneumatocele Incidental cyst(s) Questions & discussion […]
Viral infections of CNS
CONTENTS Herpesviruses ⍺-herpesviruses HSV encephalitis HSV-2 radiculomyelitis Varicella zoster virus (VZV) β-herpesviruses Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Gamma-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Enteroviruses Arboviruses West Nile virus (WNV) Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) JC virus and PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) Podcast Questions & discussion Pitfalls basics Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is caused mostly by HSV-1 (95% […]
Sleep-disordered breathing
CONTENTS Sleep-disordered breathing basics Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Epidemiology (including causes & consequences) Clinical features & assessment Diagnosis Treatment Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) Chronic OHS Epidemiology Signs & symptoms Evaluation & diagnosis Treatment Acute exacerbation of OHS (AEOHS) Definition Causes & patient evaluation Treatment Central sleep apnea (CSA) overview Hypercapnic CSA Nonhypercapnic CSA CSA due […]
Sarcoidosis
CONTENTS Basics Epidemiology Pulmonary sarcoidosis Clinical presentation Radiographic staging (Scadding stage) Chest CT scan Lymphadenopathy ➡️ Nonfibrotic parenchymal abnormalities Fibrotic parenchymal abnormalities Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis Pulmonary function tests Reduced DLCO Restriction Obstruction Pleural involvement Pulmonary hypertension Large airway involvement Treatment of pulmonary sarcoid Approach to sarcoidosis patient with cardiopulmonary deterioration Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis Skin Erythema nodosum […]
Pleural effusion
CONTENTS approach to pleural effusion of unclear etiology Initial trifecta: History CXR, POCUS, & review of prior radiology Blood tests More advanced testing: CT scan Thoracentesis differential diagnosis All causes of pleural effusion Transudates Exudates pleural radiology POCUS Chest radiograph Subpulmonic effusion Pseudotumor Specific radiologic findings: Chronic pleural effusion Rapidly growing effusion Pleural plus pericardial […]
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